Method of producing and utilizing undamped or sustained electrical oscillations.



PATENTED AUG. 28, 1906. F. K. VREELAND. AND UTILIZING UNDAMPED 0R SUSTAINBD METHOD OF PRODUCING ELECTRICAL OSGILLATIONS.

APPLICATION TILED PEB.2H,1905.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

HHHHHI- ttoruoya.

Witnesses N0- 829,44Z. PATENTED AUG. 28, 1906.

' P. K. VREELAND. METHOD OF PRODUCING AND UTILIZING UNDAMPBD OR SUSTAINED ELECTRICAL OSGILLATIONS:

APPLIUATION FILED EBB-28,1905- 4 SHEETB-BHEET 2.

to: x g f Witnesses %4, %4-m- No. 829.447. PATENTED AUG. 23, 1906. I. K. VRBELAND.

METHOD OF PRODUCING AND UTILIZING UNDAMPED OR SUSTAINED ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIO NS.

APPLICATION FILED PBB. 2B. 1905,

4 SHEETS-811E131 3.

Inventor M M Witnesses Attorneys.

PATENTED AUG. 28, 1906.

F. K. VREELAND. AND UTILIZIIIC-lr UNDAMPBD O R SUSTAINBD METHOD 01f PRODUCING ELECTRICAL OSGILLATIONS.

APPLICATION FILED FEB-28.1905.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

tor

Witnesses ltorncya.

. ating circuit to UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

FREDERICK" K, VREELAND, OF MON'JTCLAHt, NEW JERSEY, ASSIGNOR TO WIRELESS TELEGRAPH EXPLOITATION COMPANY, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

METHOD OF PRODUCING AND UTILIZING UNDAMPED 0R SUSTAINED ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 28, 1906.

Application filed February 28, 1905. Serial No. 247,826.

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, FREDERICK K. Vann- LAND, a citizen of the United States, residing at Montclair, in the county of Essex and State of New Jerse have invented a certain new and useful ethod of Producing and Utilizing Undamped' or Sustained Electrical Oscillations, of which the following is a descri tion.

' T e object of this invention is the eneration of undam ed or sustained electrical oscillations of defEnite fre uenc and especially alternating currents of iigh requency, without the aid of mechanical translating devices.

Undam ed oscillations of low frequency may. be 0 tained by mechanical means; but the frequency is limited by practical considerations governing the desi n and construction of the apparatus. Osci lations of higher firequenc' are desirable for many purposes, as is we] known, and especially for the pro ductien of electromagnetic waves for use in wireless telegraphy, wireless telephony, and for similar pur oses. For this service lowfrequency oscil ations are unsuited owing to their small radiating power.

Where high-frequenc currents are desired, it is usual to emplby the free oscillations which may occur in a circuit coptainin capacity and inductance.

ing system by charging the condenser, for examp e, and this energy takes the form of alternating currents of a frequency determined by the electrical constants of the circuit, which alternating currents continue with constantly-decreasing amplitude until all the energy is expended in radiation or in ohmic and other losses. Such oscillations are thus always damped, and their usefulness is therefore greatly limited.

By the method herein described the free oscillations of an electrical circuit are also utilized; but these oscillations are sustained by feeding energy into the circuit constantl or at intervals in synchronism with. the osci lations to suppl that lost in radiation and otherwise, and t us the oscillations are main tained at a constant amplitude as long as the supply) ofi, energy continues. This I accomhs y employing the energy of the 0801i: reduce direct y or indirectly opposite or sync onous effects upon a boner- A certain initia I supply of energy is imparted to the oscillattive gap or gaps, which will be so related to the oscillating circuit as to supply energy thereto and maintain the oscillations. This may be done by the effect of a magnetic field upon a current in a solid or liquid conductor or in a rarefied gas or upon an open or inclosed are or by the effect of an electrostatic field upon the discharge of cathode particles in a vacuum-tube or by the diversion of mag-- netic flux by the cross-magnetomotive force of an auxiliary field. I prefer to employ the effect of a magnetic field upon a sensitive gap or gaps formed by the ing through one or more vacuum-tubes, such as mercury-Va or tubes. Thismagneticfield may be direct y excited or have its excitation controlled by the electrical oscillations of the oscillating circuit, and its effect upon the vapor tube one or another arrangement to divert the current passing through the sensitive gap or gaps or to vary the conductivity of such gap or gaps, so as to produce an electrical commutation of the current between different circuits which are related to the oscillating circuit in such manner as to add energy there to by this commutation in synchromsm with the oscillations.

The invention may be carried out in many different ways and with a variet of forms of apparatus, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

Figure 1 illustrates in die am an arran ment which I have found e ective. In t is figure 1 is a mercury-vapor tube, having an odes 2 3 and a mercury cathode 4. 5 is a source of direct current connected by two branches 6 7 with the anodes .2 and 3, respectively. These bragches 6 and 7 include large inductances 8 for maintaining a steady current. 10 is lthe oscillating circuit, containing a condenser 11. This circuit is shunted across the anodes 2 3' and includes,

the field-coils 12 13. It should be understood that for simplicity of illustration the field-coils 12 13 are shown with their axes in the plane of the anodes 2 3, While in practice they are placed in a plane perpendicular to that in which the anodes are located, so that the magnetic flux will be perpendicular to the plane of the anodes. In startingthe apparatus it is first necessary to establish the cur rent across the sensitive gap formed by the electric current pass or tubes will be according to sudden initial charge y short-circuitin one of the inductances S 9 and then sudden y removing the short-circuit or by otherwise disturbing the equilibrium of the system. When the magnetic field deflects the current in. the tube, say, from the anode 2 to the anode 3, the tendency is for the current in both branches 6 and 7 to pass wholly or largely through the tube from the anode 3 to the cathode 4, due to the fact that the path through the tube from the anode 2 to the cathode 4 is interrupted or increased in resistance by the deflection of the current toward the anode 3. As the inductances 8 9 oppose any change in the. current passing through them, this results in the current in the branch 6 flowing through the oscillating circuit 10 from left to right, including both field-coils 12 13, thereby producing a field which still further deflects the current from 2 to 3. When the condenser is charged to the requisite potential, this current is checked and reversed, thereby producing a field in the opposite direction which deflects the current in the tube from the anode 3 to the anode 2. The result of this deflection is to cause the current in both branches 6 and 7 to pass through the tube from the anode 2 to the cathode 4, which results in the current in the branch 7 flowing through the oscillating circharacter as Fig. 1.

cuit from ri ht to left and producing a current in the eld-coils 12 13, which still further deflects the current from the anode 3 to the anode 2. In this way ener y is supplied to the oscillating circuit in sync ironism with the oscillations. The frequency of these oscillations is dependent upon the constants of the oscillating circuit and may be changed by changing such constants.

The field-coils, instead of being'connected in shunt to the anodes of the tube, may be connected in series therewith, as illustrated in Fig. 2, which is a diagram of the same In this arrangement the field-coils 12 and 13 are placed directly in the branch circuits 6 7 between the inductances 8 9 and the anodes 2 3, and the oscillating cir-' When the magnetic field tends to deflect the current in the tube from the anode 2 to the anode 3, the current in the branch 6 will be deflected through the oscillating circuit from left to right and will energize the magnetic field, producing a field tending to still further deflect the current from the anode 2 to the anode 3. The reversal of the current in the oscillating circuit will energize the magnetic field in the. opposite direction, deflecting the current in t e tube from the anode 3 to the anode 2 and causing the current in the branch 7 to pass through the oscillating circuit from right to left, producing a stil urther energiztion of the magnetic field in the same direction.

Another arrangement is that illustrated in Fig. 3, which is a diagram similar to the figures already described, and in which a compound excitation of the magnetic field is provided. The oscillating circuit is shunted across the anodes, as in Fig. l, and is provided with the field-coils 12 13, while additional field-coils l4 15 are located in the branches 6 and 7. The direction of winding of coils 14 and 15 is such that their fields op: pose and neutralize each other when they are traversed by equal battery-currents. When the magnetic field tends to'deflect the current from the anode 2 to the anode 3, the current in the branch 6 oscillating circuit from eft to right, energizing the coils 12 13. The current in the coil 14 diminishes somewhat and that in the coil 15 increases, thus adding to the magnetic efi'ectpf coils 12 and 13. The resultant magnetic field tends to still further deflect the current to the anode 3. The reversal of the oscillating circuit reverses the field, deflects the current from anode3 to anode 2, and causes the current in the branch 7 to flow lthfrough the oscillating circuit from right to In Fig. 4 is shown a secondary series arrangement for the excitation of the field. A

steadying inductance 16 is placed in the undivided portion of the battery-circuit. In the branches 6 and '7 are located oppositelywound primary coils 17 18 of a transformer, of which 19 is the secondary. The secondary coil 19 is located in the oscillating circuit 10, and the field-coil 20 is located in the oscillating circuit. The field-circuit is shown in this figure as in its proper relation to the lane of the anodes. The primary coils 17 18 eing similar, but being wound in opposite directions, an increasing current in 17 will have the same effect on the secondary 19 as a decreasing current in 18. The oscillating current in the circuit 10 will deflect the current in the tube from one anode to the other, so that the current from the battery will flow alternately in the two primary coils l7 and 18 of the transformer, and these variations in the primary current, acting cumulatively on 9 5 asses through the the secondary 19, induce in the secondary the electromotive force necessary to overcome resistance and other losses and sustain the oscillations in the oscillatin circuit 10. Either primary coil 17 18 may be used alone to excite the oscillating circuit or each may act upon a se arate oscillating circuit.

Many mo ifications ofthe arrangements shown in Figs. 1 to 4 may be employed.

In Fig. 5 an arran ement similar to Fig. 1

is shown, with the a dition of another shunt circuit 21, connected across the anodes 2 3 and containin condensers 22 23and an inductance 24, orming an additional oscillating circuit. If the two oscillating circuits are tdned in unison, they will oscillate in terminal electromotive force across 2 and 3,

though usually it is desirable to have the electromotive force and the current in phase with each other.

In Fi 6 is shown an arrangement in which the fiel -coils 12 13 are located in the oscillating circuit 10, connected inductively through the transformer 25 26 to the primary circuit. The primary 25 of the transformer is shunted across the anodes 2' 3 and includes one or more condensers 27. The condenser or condensers 27 permit the tuning of the primary circuit with respect to the secondary.

In Fig. 7 is shown an arrangement cpmbining certain features of Figs. 4 and 6.

The primaries 28 29 of atransformer are connect ed in series with the anodes 2 3, and a third primary 30, which may also include a condenser 31, is shunted across the anodes 2 3. The secondary coil 32 is acted on cumulatively by all three of the primaries and includes in its circuit the field-coils 12 13 and the condenser 11.

Fig. 8 illustrates an arrangement similar to Fig. 4, but with the field-coils located in the primary instead of in the secondary circuit. The secondary current serves to control the frequency of the field through the action of the secondary 1:9 on the primaries 17 18. The field-coil is divided into two sections 33 34, located, respectively, in the circuits 6 7. These fi ld-coils are wound in opposite direc tions, so that their ma netic fields will oppose and neut alize each 0t ier when the current is divided equally between the circuits 6 7. When, however, there is an unequal distribution of current in these circuits, the field-produced by one coil will predominate over that produced b the other and will cause the current to be eflected to one or the other of the two anodes, as in the case illustrated in Fig. 4.

Instead of using a single va or-t'ubewith twc' anodes, two asymmetrica vapor-tubes 35 36 may be employed, as illustrated in Fig. 9. Each of these tubes has an anode 37 and a mercury-cathode 38, the anode of each tube being located at one side of the tube close to the cathode, so that when the current is diverted by the magnetic field toward the anode, the current will flow in a short ath from the anode to the cathode, while i the current is deflected away from the anode the current will follow a longer path and one of greater resistance. The arrangement of circuits for excitin the'mlagnetic field shown in Fig. 1 is selected for illustration in Fig. 9; but any other arrangement may be employed. The cathodes of the two tubes are connected together and with a source 5' of direct current. The circuit is divided into two branches 6 7, including large inductances 8 9, and these branchestl 7 extend to the anodes of the two tubes. The oscillating circuit 10, including the condenser 11, is shunted across from one anode to the other and includes the field-coils 12 13, one .of which surrounds the tube 35 and the other the tube 36. The fieldcoils 12 13 affect the tubes 35 36 oppositely.

When the current in the oscillating circuit 10 flows in one direction, it deflects the current in the tube 35 away from the short path between the anode and cathode, increasing the resistance of the path through which the current flows, while in the tube 36 the field defleets the current toward the short path between the anode and the cathode, thus giving the minimum resistance in this tube. The result of this is to cause the larger part of the current in the branch 6 to flow through the oscillating circuit from left to right, strengthening the fields in the direction .to augment their effect upon the tubes. A reversal of the current in the oscillating circuit reverses the fields and causes the path in the tube 36 to lengthen and increase in resistance and the path in the tube 35 to shorten and decrease in resistance, with the result that the current in the branch 7 passes largely through the oscillating circuit from right to left, adding energy to the oscillating circuit and increasing the strength of the current in the field-coils.

The shifting of the current between paths of different lengths and resistances is illustrated in Fig. 10, in which the dotted line 39 illustrates the path that the current will take through the tube when the clarity of the magnetic fieldis such as to de ect the current toward. the anode, while the dotted line 40 shows the path that the current will-take through the tube when the polarity of the field is reversed. The increased current density in the short path tends to still further in- 10, including the condenser 11, is shunted across the anode and cathode and includes the field-coil 42 surrounding the tube. The

anode and cathode are also connected by another circuit, includin the source of direct current 5 and a stea ying inductance. A plus current, for illustration, in the oscillatmg circuit and the field-coil will deflect the discharge through the tube to the right or cause it to follow the ath of great length and resistance illustrated y the line 40 in Fig. 10. Since the battery-current is made constant by the inductance the increase in resistance of the path through the tube will force part of the current to pass through the oscillating circuit in shunt to the tube and will increase the deflection of the current in the tube to the right, thus forcing more current through the oscillating circuit. When the condenser 11 is charged to a certain limiting-point, its electromotive force will prevent a further flow of the current in this direction, and the current in the oscillating circuit will reverse, causing a deflection of the discharge to the .left or to the short path 39 shown in Fig. 1D.

This reduces the resistance of the path throu h which the current passes in the/tube and a lows an increase of current from the anode to the cathode and a corresponding increase in the minus current in the oscillating circuit. The oscillations will thus be maintained.

The mercury-vapor tube may be of a variety of forms, and preferably is one of sufficient size to give a considerable body of vapor for keeping the tube cool and the vacuum high during the operation of the apparatus. As illustrated in Fig. 12, it may be a tube of a substantially spherical shape with the two anodes and cathode in its bottom, or, as illustrated in Fig. 13, the anodes may be located at the ends of lateral tubes extending in opposite directions from the base of a chamber, these lateral tubes increasing the resistance between the anodes and the cathode and also increasing the potential necessary to operate the tube, or, as shown in Fig. 14, the tube may be a ring, a construction which will give a wide difference in resistance between the short path from one anode to the cathode and the long ath from that anode to the cathode around tlie other side of the ring. A chamber could be added to the ring-tube, if desired, to increase its vapor capacity. The asymmetrical tube of Figs. 9 toll could be made in the form of any of these tubes with one of the anodes omitted or simply not utilized in making the circuit connections.

At the frequencies met with in ordinary alternating-current practice, and even at very much higher frequencies, an ordinary open-air or inclosed arc may be used as the sensitive gap, such as is illustrated in Fig. 15, in which the parts are the same as described in connection with Fig. 4, except that the terminals 2,- 3, and 4 of the vapor-tube are re placed by the carbon electrodes 2, 3, and 4 of an open or inclosed arc. Any of the other circuit arrangements described in connection with the vapor-tube having three terminals can be used with the three carbon electrodes.

Fig. 16 shows an arrangement in which a shunt-oscillating circuit is caused to act upon two separate sensitive gaps similar to thearrangement shown in Fig. 9, but with electric arcs 43 44 substituted for the vapor-tubes. Adjacent to each arc is placed a block of carbon 45. A current in the field-coils 12 13' tends to deflect these arcs in opposite'directions with respect to their carbon-blocks. Thus the are 43 isdcflected toward its block and its conductivity is not, seriously diminished, while the are 44 is deflected into space and its conductivity decreases materially. These changes in conductivity are caused to excite the oscillations in the oscillating circuit l0 ina manner similar to that described with reference to Fig'. 9.

With an are such as illustrated in Fig. 16 conditions are secured similar to those so cured with the as mmetrical vapor-tube of Figs. 9 to 11, and ence it follows that such an arc may be employedin an arrangement similar to that illustrated in Fig. 11. This arrangement is shown in Fig. 17.

In the forms of apparatus above described the sensitive gaps used have included affss as the sensitive medium; but it is not necessary that the sensitive'medium be gaseous. Similar results may be obtained by the use of a liquid or solid medium. For example, the tubes which were described as containing mercury-vapor may be filled with a conduct ing liquid, or instead of the mercuryvapor tube a mass of solid material maybe used having three terminals, the current entering through two of these terminals and leaving 'through the third, or vice versa. It is desirable to use a sensitive medium whose specific resistance is high or to so construct the sensitive gap that the act of commutation is accompanied by a considerable difference of potential between the terminals of the sensitive gap. This efi'ect is romoted by the use of a gaseous medium w ich under suitable conditions of ressurc, temperature, and ion?- ization, has he property oig apflily mcreasing conductivity wit increas ng current density, so that the effect of the concentration of current in a restricted pait hbgtwpleg fipe pair of electrodes is to great y 6 conoscil ations.

ductivity of that path, while the conductivit of the other at-h is decreased. The result is a considerab e potential difference available for exciting the oscillations. varying conductivity with varying current density ma Y be in itself l sufficient under proper conditions to maintain the oscillations. It is probable also that in a gaseous medium the direct effect of ionic bombardment of the anodes contributes largely to the useful result. the invention is not limited to any particular method of' producing the electrical commutation or dependent upon any special theory of operation. I

In Fi 18 is shown a form of ap aratus in which he conductivity of the aternative paths is varied in a somewhat different manner. Instead of causing the discharge tlirough the commutating-gap to be deflecte: b (licu ar to the direction of the current I utilize the fact that a magnetic field, even though its flux be parallel 'to. the direction of the current, has the effect of diminishing the conductivity of the conducting-column of gas in a vacuum-tube. A vacuum-tube 46 is provided with two protuberances 47 48, in the ends of whiclnare sealed nodes 49 50. A single cathode 51 is provi ed near the cen' terof' the tube. Fieldcoils 52 53 are wound arltu nd 'the protuberances 47 48 and are connected in-t many-circuit which includc'the 1 primaries 17 18, acting on the secondary 19 o the oscillating circuit 10. When the current divides equall between, the two parallel paths throng the tube, the as-columns in the protuberances47 48 wil have approximately equal conductivities; but if the current in 52, for instance, is greater than that in 53 the conductivity of the gas-column in the branch 47 of the tube is diminished and a still lar erproportion of the current will be forced t rough the gas-column in the branch 48. This increase of current in the branch 48, the field-coil 52, and the primary 1 7 and the corresponding decrease in current in the branch 47, with the field-coil 53 and the primary 18, continue until a practically stead state of unequal current distribution is reached, when the primaries+17.1 .8 cease to act on the secondary 19 and-thecurrent in the oscillating circuit 10. reverses. duces an electromotive force in ries 17 18, (now acting as secondaries to the coil 19,), which tends to. decrease the current. in the branch 48. and increase that in the branch 47, thus starting a disturbance ofltheosite' direction, and.

equilibrium, in the op t is recess is repeate thus sustaining the Another phenomenon which may be utilized in a tube of similar construc tionis the tendency of an axial field to concentrate a cathode beam in the direction of The effect of a It is evident, however, that a magnetic field whose flux is perpenrate tubes 55 56 are used. These tubes e branches of the divided pri-' This in-. the .prima:

the magnetic flux, thus'directing it toward the two anodes alternately.

Fig. 19 shows an arrangement embodying the same form of tube as that illustrated in Fig. 18, with connections similar to those shown in Fig. 1 insofar as the power-currents are maintained steady and the oscillatin circuit is in shunt connection. The field-col s 52 53 are wound and connected to their respective anodes 50 and 49, as in Fig. 18, and are connected, respectively, through the large steadying inductances 8 9 to one terminal of the source 5-. The oscillating circuit 10 is con nected in shunt across the coils 8 9, so that any unequal distribution of current in the two branches of the tube will produce a cur rent in the oscillating circuit, which is provided with an inductance 54. The current in the oscillating circuit is thus an alternatin one, while the currents in the coils 52 53 and their corresponding anodes 50 and 49 are pulsating currents. These ulsating currents have the effect of perio ically diminishing the conductivity of the branches 47 and 48 .of the tube alternately, as in the case illus trated in Fig. 18.

It is not necessary that the alternate paths should be included in the same tube. Fig. 20 shows an arrangement in which two sepahave anodes 57 58 and cathodes 59 60 and are provided with field-coils 61 62, which are connected at one end with one terminal of the direct-current source and at their other ends are connected with the primary coils 17 18, acting upon the secondary coil 19 in the oscillating circuit 10. Changes in the conductivities of the gas columns in the tubes 55 56 will act in a manner similar to that described in reference toFigs. 18 and 19. In case the fields acting on the tubes are sufiicient to completely interrupt the discharges a set of auxi iary, anodes 63 64 may be rovided so placed as to be uninfluenced by t e field and connected, through steadyinginductances 65 66, with the source of ower. .These auxiliary anodes will keep t e cathode resistance broken down, so that the current through "themain anodes 57 58 will start again at the proper time.

The stead ing inductance 16 may then be omitted, if desired. A single tube of this character having only one anode may be employed to produce the oscillations. This .is illustrated in Fig. 21, in which the tube 67 is provided with two field-coils 68 69, the former being in series with the source of current 5 between the anode and. the cathode, while the latter is in the oscillating circuit'lO,

-Which is shunted across the terminals of the tube. A plus current, for instance, in 69 Wlll assist, 68 and cause an increased plus'current to flow in 69. A minus current in 69.Will o pose 68 and im rove the conductivity of t e gas column an still further increase the minus current in 69. The periodic reversals of the oscillating circuit-will, as already explained, produce the reversal of current in the coil 69.

In Fig. 22 the variable anode-current is used to excite the field 68. As its variations are just the opposite to what is required, an auxiliary fiel 69, fed by a constant source 70, is opposed to and is greater than 68. The differential effects of 68 and 69 give the required result.

An alternating current, either singlebase or polyphase, may be used instead of a irect current to feed the a paratus. Fig. 23 shows the apparatus supplied by a three-phase current. 1 is the vapor-tube, having a single cathode 4 and provided with six anodes, three of which, 71, are located on one side of. the tube and the other three, 72, on the other side of the tube. These anodes are connected to se arate primaries 73 74 of a transformer whose secondary 19 is located in the oscillating circuit 10, containing the condenser 11 and the field-coil 20. The primaries 73 are wound in the same direction, so thattheir effects on the secondary 19 are similar, and the primaries 74 are wound in the opposite direction. The primaries 73 and 74 are connected in parallel in pairs, and each pair of the primaries is in series in circuit with one phase of a threephase alternating-current generator 75, whose neutral point is connected, throu h the steadying resistance 16, to the cathode 4 of the tube. The mode of operation of the apparatus is similar to that of the apparatus shown in Fig. 4. The vacuumtube acts as a rectifier of the alternating current by permitting the current to flow only in one direction i. a, from one or more of the anodes to the cathodethe opposite halfwave being excluded, and the sum of the half-waves-in the three phases is e uivalent to a direct current of nearly stea y value. The fluctuations of this equivalent direct current being of low frequency will not have any appreciable effect on the secondary 19 but t e deflection of the current from one of the anodes 71 to the corresponding anode 72 will produce an effect on the secondary similar to that which occurs in the case of the direct current in Fig. 4.

Fig. 24 shows the appara tus fed by a singlephase alternating current. In this case the tube 1' is rovided with two anodes 2 3 and the catho e 4, as in Fig. 4, the anodes bein connected with the primaries 17 18, whic are connected in parallel with the source 76 of singlebase alternating current, the other ole of w ich is connected, through the inuctance 16, with the cathode 4. In this case the inductance 16 should be small enough to permit the read passage of the alternating currentfrom the source, or, in some cases; the inductance may be omitted altogether. As the single-phase alternating current when rectified y the tube 1 is dis continuous, it is necessar to supplymeans for starting the current t ough t 0' tube at the beginnin of each efl'ective half-Wave. To accomplis this, it is sufficient to keep the cathode resistance, which is high at starting, continuously broken down by means of a small electric current supplied by a local source 77 through a steadyin inductance 78 and an auxiliary anode 79. The alternating current will then start readily when the electromotive force is applied in the roper (iirection. When a single-phase a ternating current is used, the su ply of energy is intermittent. Consequent y the currents in the oscillating circuit 10 will be intermittent unless the damping of this circuit is so small that its oscillations may persist through the period of inactivity of the source. This feature possesses certain advantages when the apparatus is used as a transmitter in wireless telegraphy, as it causes. the signals to be broken up into individual impulses recurring at the fre uency of the alternating current, each im u se consisting of a train of waves of practica ly constant am litude. Signals of this character are particu arly desirable when the signals are received by ear, as an intermittent im ulse ives a'much stronger physiological e ect t ian a continuous impulse. This feature is also advantageous in impart ing a distinctive character to the radiations apart from their definite wave-frequency, which enables them to be distinguished from signals from another source either audibly or by means of some automatic selecting apparatus.

A. quarter-phase alternating current can be used in the same manner as a single-phase current by usin two pairs of anodes and primaries instead of one, or it may be converted into a four-phase current in the well-- known way, and used with four sets of an odes and primaries in a manner similar to that illustrated for three-phase currents in Fig. 23. In the former case the energy-supply will be intermittent and in the latter continuous, though variable.

Whether the alternating-current su ply be single phase or polyphase, it is desirab e to have two sets of apparatus of the character illustrated in Figs. 23 and 24, having their polarities reversed with respect to the source of power. The second set of apparatus will then use the half-rwaves of the alternating current that are rejected by the first set. The

two sets of apparatus may operate separate oscillating circuits, their respective primar coils being made to act on separate secon ary coils, or they may be caused to act cumulatively on a single oscillating circuit. Fig. 25 shows an arrangement in which this is accomplished by causing the primary coils of the two systems to act on a single secondary. The case illustrated is that in which a singlephase alternating current is used. The prisirable.

mary coils 80 8 1 of the first system are wound,

respectively, in the same direction as the ri-' maries 82 83 of the second system, 80 t at the two systems will act in the same sense, and therefore cumulatively, on the secondary 19, and the field-coils 12 13, included in the oscillating circuit 10, are wound to have similar effects on the two tubes.

So far I have described only the method of an apparatus for producing the oscillations. They may be utilized in may ways for example, in eleotrotherapeutics, in exciting high-frequency discharges'in vacuum-tubes for lighting, in producing high-potential effects through the agency of air-core transformers, and for many other purposes for which alternating currents, whether of extremely high or of lower frequencies, are de- They are especially useful in a transmitter for use in wireless telegraphy or wireless telephony. For this urpose the oscillating circuit may be coupl e d to a radiating antenna in any one of several well-known ways.

In Fig. .26 the oscillating circuit 10' is illustrated as supplied with energy by the arrangement of apparatus shown in Fig. 1. This oscillating circuit includes the primary 84 of r a step-up transformer whose secondary 85 is connected inseries with the antenna-circuit 86, which is suitably the primary circuit. The radiation is made intermittent at will for the purpose of producing signals by means of a key 87, which short-circuits the primary 84 of the step-up transformer, and thus annuls its action on the antenna-circuit.

Another arrangement is shown in Fig. 27, in which the key 87 is placed in a tertiary circuit 88 of the step-up transformer. The closing of the key short-circuits the tertiary circuit and annuls the inductive effect of the primary 84 on the secondary 85.

In Fig. 28 the key 87 is placed so as to short-circuit an auxiliary inductance 89, placed in the oscillating circuit 10. In this arrangement the radiation-of energy from the antenna is continuous; but its frequency is altered b .iliary IIICKJCEBJICB 89 in the oscillating circuit, and the latter is thus thrown in or out of tune with the antenna-circuit and with the receiving apparatus, which is assumed to be tuned I Y H v reserved as the sub jeet-h'iatter of one or more to respond only to a given frequency of the transmitter. Instead of throwm the oscillating circuit in and out of tune with the antenna by changing the inductance of the cir-' cuit the same result may be secured'by changing the capacity of t oscillatin cirby opening and closing a circuit cuit,: as

condenser 91 by means through an auxiliary of a key 92.

For wireless telephony employ an arrangement such Fig. 29, in which the working it is preferable to as is shown in oscillating ciram litude.

tuned with respect to the presence or absence of the aux cillations, consistin cuit is separate from the oscillatin circuit which excites the field, as illustrate in Fig. 5. The inductance 24 of Fig. 5 is utilized as the primary of a step-up transformer whose secondary is in the antenna-circuit. The tertiar of thetransformer is closed by a car bon te ephone-transmitter 90, having a sufli cient current-carrying ca acity to answer the purpose. Any of the arrangements which have been described for roducin the oscillations may be ,eniploye for utilizing such oscillations in any of the ways shown in Figs. 26 to 29. i

The arrangement in which a se arate working circuit is used inshunt with t e exciting-circuit is particularly effective in wire 'less signaling and especially in wireless te- .lephony. The eriod of the excitin -circuit determines the equenc of the osci lations, while the natural perio of the working circuit determines the intensity of its oscillations. The latter are free oscillations of large am litude when the two circuits are in tune, and a small variation in the electrical constants of the circuit will cause the resulting forced oscillations to fall off greatly in Thus the radiation may be con tro led by cutting in or out inductance or capacity, an operation which in this arrangement involves a small expenditure of energy, and hence no special precaution for handhn a large current. hus a simple key of smal size or a carbon telephone-transmitter may be used effectively. A similar result may be obtained by varying the electrical constants of the exciting-circuit.

A further advantage of this arrangement is in the fact that the intensity and frequency of the exciti11g-current is practically independent of the amount of energy that is be ing drawn from the apparatus. The apparatus thus works in much the same manner as a shuiit dynamo, taking energy from the source ijfiiower in proportion to the energy expended in the working-circuit. Where it is desired to increase the excitation with increasing output, a compound field,'such as is illustrated in Fig. 3, may be used. The Working circuit is not necessarily a tuned circuit. For some purposes an a eriodic circuit may be substituted for the uned work-v 'ingrcircuit.

l i i i i he apparatus is not claimed hereii'i', being divisional applicationsfdivision havingb'e'eii required by t e Patent Oflice".

W What I claim is- 1. The method of producing electrical as;

in exciting or controlling a field by the oscil ations of an electrical oseillating) energy means of such field, and adding by circuit, electrically-commutating' such commutation increments ofenergy to" such oscillatin circuit. a

2. The met 0d of producing electrical es 'ama cillations, consisting in exciting or controlling a field by the oscillations of an electrical oscillating circuit, causing such field to act upon energy in a sensitive gap or gaps, thereby electrically commutating the energy in such gap or gaps, and adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating circuit,

3. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in exciting or controlling a magnetic field by the oscillations of an electrica oscillating circuit, electrically commutating energy by means of such magnetic field, and adding by such commutation increments' of e'ner y to such oscillatin circuit.

4. The met 0d of producing efiactrical 0scillations, consisting in exciting or controlling a magnetic field by the oscillations of an electrical oscillating circuit, causing such field to act upon an electric current in a sensitive gap or gaps, thereby electrically commutating the energy in such gap or gaps, and adding by such commutation increnients of energy to such oscillating circuit.

5. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in exciting or controlling a field by the oscillations of an electrical oscillatin circuit, causing such field to act upon e ectrical energy in a gaseous medium, thereby electrically commutating the energy in such medium, and adding by such commutation increments 'of energy to such oscillating circuit.

6. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in exciting or controlling a field by the oscillations of an electrical oscillatin circuit, causing such field to act upon e ectrical energy in a rarefied gaseous medium, thereby electrically commutating the energy in such medium, and adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating circuit.

7. The method of producing electrical 0scillations, consisting in exciting or controlling a magnetic field by the oscillations of an electrics. oscillating circuit, causing such field to act upon an electric current in a gaseous medium, thereby electrically commutating the current in such medium, and adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating circuit.

8. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting. in exciting or controlling etic field by the oscillations of an electrica oscillating circuit, causing such field to act. on an electric current in a vapor tube or tu s, thereby electrically commutatin the current in such vapor tube or tubes, an adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating circuit,

9. The method of producing electrical oscillations 1 consisting in passing an electric current through two or more alternative circuits, periodically altering the conductivity of one or more 0 these circuits by the influence of a variable magnetic field and thereby causing a periodic variation in the currents in these circuits, exciting oscillations of definite frequency by these variable currents, and controlling the variations of the magnetic field by such oscillations.

i 10. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in passing an electric current through two or more alternative circuits, periodically altering the conductivity of one or more of these circuits by the influence of a variable magnetic field and thereby causing a periodic variation in the currents in these circuits, controlling the variations of. said magnetic field by said currents, and controlling the frequency of the variations in said currents by means of capacity and inductance in a circuit or circuits operatively connected with the system.

11. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in passing an electric current through different paths in a sensitive medium, electrically commutating the current in such different paths, and adding by such commutations increments of energy to an oscillating circuit.

12. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in passing an electric current through difierent paths in a aseous medium, electrically commutating t e current in such different paths, and adding by such-commutation increments of energy to an oscillating circuit.

13. The method of. producing electrical oscillations, consisting in electrically commutating energy between a lurality of similar paths or circuits in synciironism with such. oscillations, and adding by such commutation increments of energy to an oscillating circuit.

14. The method of. producing electrical oscillations, consisting 1n electrically commutating electrical currents between a plurality of similar paths or circuits in synchronism with such oscillations, and adding by such commutation increments of energy to an-oscillatin r circuit.

15. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in electrically commutating electrical currents in two similar parallel circuits in synchronism with such oscil lations, and adding by such commutation increments of energy to an oscillating circuit.

16. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in passing an electric current through different paths in a sensitive medium, affecting the current in such pathg op ositely and alternately by a magnetic fie (1, thereby electrically commutating the current in such paths, and adding by such commutation increments of energy to an 0s c'illatin circuit. a

17. he method of pr ducing electrical oscillations, consistin in passing an electric current through di erent paths in a gaseous medium, affecting the current in such paths oppositely and alternately by a magnetic fie d, thereby electrically con'nnutating the current in such paths, and adding by such commutation increments of energy to an oscillating circuit.

'18. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in passing an electric current through different paths in a vapor tube or tubes, affecting the current in such paths 0 positely and alternately by a magnetic fie (1, thereby electrically commutating the current in such paths, and adding by such commutation increments of energy to an oscillating circuit.

19. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in passing an electric current through di ferent paths in a sensitive medium, affecting the current in such paths oppositely and alternately by an alternating magnetic field, thereby commutating the electric current in such medium, adding by such commutation increments of energy to an electrical oscillating circuit, and controlling the alternating magnetic field by such oscillations.

20. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in passing an electric current through different paths in a gaseous medium, affecting the current in such paths op ositely and alternately by a magnetic fie d, thereby commutating the electric current in such paths, adding by such commutation increments of energy to an electrical oscillating circuit, and controlliu r the alternating magnetic field by such osci lations.

21. he method of producing electrical oscillations, consistin in passing an electric current through difierent paths in a vapor tube or tubes, affecting the current in such paths oppositely and alternately by an alternating magnetic field, thereby commutating the electric current in such paths, adding by such commutation increments of energy to an electrical oscillating circuit, and controlling the alternating magnetic field by such oscillations.

22. The method of reducing electrical oscillations, consisting in establishing a com paratively steady current in two channels, each including a sensitive ga and connected with an oscillating circuit sl iunting the two gaps, and producing opposite effects upon the current in the two ga s by a magnetic field controlled by the oscillations in such oscillating circuit, thereby diverting current alternately from said channels through said oscillating circuit.

23. The method of reducing electrical 0scillations, consisting in establishing a 00111 paratively steady current in two channels,

each including a sensitive gap in a gaseous medium and connected with an oscillating circuit shunting the two gaps, and producing opposite effects upon the current in the two 24. The method of producing electrical 0s cillations, consisting in passing an electric current through two or more alternative circults containing a sensitive gap or gaps, periodically diverting the current in said gap or gaps by means of an alternating magnetic fie d whose flux is perpendicular to said current, thereby electrically commutating the current in said. circuits, adding by such com- Inutationincrements of energy to an oscillating circuit, and controlling the alternating magnetic field by such oscillations.

25. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in passing an electric current through two alternative circuits, each including a sensitive gap, diverting the current in said sensitive gaps alternately and oppositely by an alternating magnetic field whose flux is perpendicular to the flow of current through said gaps, thereby electrically commu tating the current in said circuits, adding by such commutation increments of energy to an electrical oscillating circuit, and controlling the alternating field by such os cillations.

26. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in passing an electric current through two adjacent paths in a sensitive medium, diverting the current in said paths alternately and oppositely by an alternating magnetic field whose flux is perpen dicular to the plane of said paths, thereb cornmutating the current in said paths, ad

ing by, such commutation increments of en- 1 ergy to an electrical oscillating circuit, and controlling the alternating field by such oscillations.

' 27. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in passing an electric current through two adjacent paths in a vapor-tube rovided with two anodes and a single cat iode, diverting the current in said paths alternately and oppositely by an alternating magnetic field acting on said tube and whose flux is perpendicular to the plane of the electrodes of the tube, thereby electrically com'mutating the current between the two paths in the tube, adding by such commutation increments of energy to an electrical oscillating circuit, and controlling said alternating field by such oscillations.

28. The method of producing electrical oscillations, consisting in commutating an electric current by a magnetic field controlled by an electrical oscillating circuit, and supplying the oscillations thereby produced to a worki circuit in parallel with the controlling osc" ating circuit.

29 The method cillations, consisting in commu tating an electric current by a magneticfield controlled by,

of producing electrical osmutatiiw electrical currents in. two similar an electrical oscillating circa: I t, and supplyin the oscillations thereby prminced to a secon or working oscillating circuit in parallel with and tuned to the same frequency as the controllin oscillating circuit.

30. he method of producing electrical oscillations of variable intensity, consisting in commutating an electric current b a magnetic field controlled by an electrica oscillating circuit, impressingsuch oscillations on a second oscillatlng circuit, and controlling the intensity of the oscillations by varying the elect-nicat constants of one or both circuits. I 31. The method of producing electrical oscillations of variable intensity, consisting in continuously generating sustained electrical oscillations, impressing such oscillations on a resonant circuit, and controlling the intensity of the oscillations in the resonant circuit by throwing the resonant circuit in and out o tune with the generator.

32. The method of producing electrical oscillations of variable intensity, consisting in generating sustained electrical oscillations, impressing such oscillations on a resonant circuit, and controlling the intensity of the oscillations by var ing the electrical constants of one or bot parts of the system by shuntin capacity or inductance.

33. T e method of producing electromagnetic waves, consisting in passing an electrlc current through different paths in a sensitive medium, electrically commutating the current in such paths, adding by such commutation increments of energy to an oscillating circuit, and impressing such oscillations upon a radiating circuit 34. The method of producing electromagnetic waves, consisting in passing an electric current through different paths in a aseous' medium, electrically commutating t e current in such paths, adding by such commutation increments of energy to an oscillating circuit, and impressing such oscillations upon a radiating circuit.

35. The method of producing electromag netic Waves, consisting in electrically commutating energy between a plurality of similar aths or circuits in synchronism with the oscillations of an oscillating circuit, adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating circuit, and impressing such oscillations upon a radiatin circuit.

36. The method of producing e ectromagnetic waves, consisting in electrically COITI'. 'mutating electrical currents between a lurality of similar paths or circuits in sync ronism with the oscillations of an oscillating cir-' cuit, adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating circuit, and impressing such oscillations upon a radiating circuit.

37. The method of producing electromagnetic waves, consisting in electrically comparallel circiiits in s nchronism with the oscillations of an oscil ating circuit, adding by oscillations upon a radlating circuit.

38. The method of producing electromagnetic waves, consisting in excitin or contrical oscillating circuit tuned to a high fremeans of such fiel adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating circuit, and impressing such oscillations upon a radiating circuit.

39. The methodof producing electromagnetic waves, consisting in exciting or controlling a field by the oscillations of an electrical oscillating circuit tuned to a high frequency, causing such field to act upon ener in a sensitive gap or gaps, thereby electrical y commutating the energy in such gap or gaps, adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating circuit, and impressing such oscillations upon a radiating circuit.

40. The method of producing electromagnetic Waves, consisting in excltin or controlling a magnetic field by the osci ations of an electrical oscillating circuit tuned to a high frequency, causing such field to act upon an electric/current, thereby electrical] commutating such current, adding by suc commutation increments of energy to such oscillating circuit, and impressing such oscilla tions upon a radiating circuit.

41. The method of producing electromagnetic waves, consistin in excitin or controlling a magnetic fielcl by the osci ations of an electrical oscillating circuit tuned to a high frequency, causing such field to act upon an electric current in a sensitive ga or gaps, thereby electrically commutating the energy in such gap or gaps, adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating, circuit, and impressing such oscillations upon a radiating circuit.

42. The method of producing electromagnetic waves, consistin in excitin or controlling a magnetic fiel by the osci ations of an electrical oscillating circuit tuned to a high frequency, causing such field to act upon an electric current in a gaesous medium, thereby electrically commutatin the current in such medium, adding by suc commutacircuit, and impressing such oscillations upon a radiating circuit.

43. The method of producing electromagnetic waves, consistin in excitin or controlling a magnetic fiel by the osci ations of an electrical oscillating circuit tuned to a high frequency, causing such field to act upon an electric current in a vapor tube or tn es, thereby electrically comnnitatirzgi the current ,n such vapor tube or tubes, ad

trolling a field by the oscillations 0 an elec-.

quency, electricall commutating energy by tion increments of energy to such oscillating IIO ng by such: 30

LII

commutation incrcmcnls of energy to such oscillating circuit, and impressing such oscillations upon a radiating circuit.

44. The method of producing electromagneiic wan-s, consisting in passing an electric current through dillerent pa [ha in a sensitive nn'dium, all'ociing the current in such paths opposil'cly and alternately by a magnetic field, ilwrehy electrically comlnututing the current in such paihs, :nldinp by such commutation increments of energy to an oscillating circuit tuned to n high frequency, and impressing such oscillations upon a radiating circuit.

45. The mcihod of producing electromagnetic waves, consisting in passing an electric current through dill'cront paths in a 'aseous medium, affecting the current in suc 1 paths op msiiely and ahcrnntely by a magnetic livid, thereby electrically commutating the current in such paths, adding by such cornmutation increments of energy to an oscillating circuit, tuned to a high frequency, and impressing such. oscillations upon a radiating circuit.

46. The method of producing electromagnetic waves, consisting in passing an electric .-.urrent through different paths in a sensitive medium, affecting the current in such paths oppositely and alternately by an alternating magnetic field, thereby commuiating the. electric current, in such medium, adding by such commutation increments of energy to an elect-rival oscillating circuit tuned to a high frequency, controlling the alternating nnignciic field by such oscillations, and imprenwing such OSGlllfl-LlOlIS upon a radiating circuit.

4?. The method of producing electromaglit-[l6 waves, consisting in passing an electric current, through different paths in a aseous medium, all'ecting the current. in sue paths oppositely and alternately by an alternating magnetic field, thereby commutating the electric current in such paths adding by such commutation increments oi energy to an electrical oscillating circuit tuned to a high frequency, controlling the alternating magnetic field by such oscIllations and impress ing such oscillations u on a. radiating circuit.

48. The method 0 wireless transmission of intelli once, consisting in passing an electric current t 'ough different paths in a sensitive medium, electrically commutating the current in such different paths, adding by such commutation increments of energy to an oscillating circuit, impressin the oscillations on a radiating circuit, an interru ting or varying the character or intensity 0 the radiations to convey intelligence.

49. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence, consistinginpassing an electric current through difierent paths in a aseous medium, electrically commutafing 1e current in such different paths, adding by such commutation increments of ener to a cillaiing circuit, impressing the oscillations on a radiating circuit, and interrupting or varying the. character or intensity of the radiations to convey intelligence.

50. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence, consisting in clci-n'icolly commumting energy between 11 plurulil of similar nths or circuits in sycclu-onism wiih the. cam lations of ,an oscillating circuit, adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating oircuir, impressing such oscillations upon a radiating circuit, and in- Lerrupling or varying lhc character or intensity of tho radiations to convoy intclligencc.

51. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence, consisting in electrically commutating electrical currents between a lurality of similar paths or circuits in sync 11'0- nism with the oscillations of an oscillating circuit, adding by such commutation increments of ener to such oscillating circuit, impressing suc 1 oscillaiions up'm a radiating circuit, and interrupting or varying the character or intensity of the radiations to convey intelligence.

52. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence, consisting in electrical] y commutating electrical currents in 'wo similar parallel circuits in s ichronism with the oscillations of an osoil ating circuit, adding by such commutation increments of ener to such oscillating circuit, impressing suc oscillations upon a radiating circuit, and interruplzing or varyiuthe character or intensity of the radiations o convey intelligence.

53. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence, consisting in excitin or controlling a field by the oscillations 0 an electrical oscillating circuit, electrically commutating energy by such field, adding by such commutation increments of energy to such oscillating circuit, impressing the oscillations on a radiatin circuit, and interrupting or ing the c aracter or intensity of the radiations to convey intclli once.

54. The method of wire ess transmission of intelligence consisting in producing oleotrical oscillations by oommutaoing an electric current by a magnetic field control led. by an electrical osoillatiu circuit, impressing the. oscillations on a ra n ting circuit, and interrupzing or yarying the charaoier or inten-- sity of the radiations to convey intelligence.

55. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence consisting in continuously enerating sustained electrical oscillations y the commutation of an electric current by a magnetic field controlled by an electrical oscillating circuit, im ressing the oscillations on a radiatin circuit, and mterru lung or varying the c aracter or intensity 0 the radiations b0 convey intelligence.

56. The method of wirelpss transmission of intelligence consisting in continuously generating sustained electrical oscillations hy the commutation of an electric current by a magetic field controlled by an electrical oscillatin circuit, impressing the oscillations on a radiating circuit, and interrupting or varying the character or intensity of the radiations by varying the electrical constants of the system to convey intelligence.

57. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence consisting in setting up electrical oscillations in two oscillating circuits, impressing the oscillations on a radiating circuit, controlling the frequency of the radiations by one oscillating circuit, and controlling the intensity of the radiations by varying the constants of one or both oscillating circuits.

58. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence consisting in continuously generating sustained electrical oscillations in a system comprising two electrical oscillating circuits by ccininutating an e ectric current by a magnetic field, ceutrolling the rate of commutation by the oscillations of one of the oscillating circuits, impressing the oscillations of the other oscillating circuit upon a radiating circuit, and contro ling the intensity of the radiations by varying the electrical constants of one or both oscillating circuits.

59. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence, consisting in continuouslygenerating sustained electrical oscillations, impressing such oscillations on a resonant circuit, e ccitin electron:agnctic radiations by the oscillations in the resonant circuit, and controlling the intensity of the radiations lay throwing the resonant circuit in and out of tune with the generator.

60. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence, consisting in continuously enerating sustained electrical oscillations, impressing such oscillations on a resonant circuit, exciting electromagnetic radiations hy the oscillations in the resonant circuit, and controlling the intensity of the radiations by varying the relative frequency of the generator and the resonant circuit.

61. The method of wireless transmission of intelligence, consisting in generating sustained electrical oscillations, impressing such oscillations on a resonant circuit, exciting electromagnetic radiations by the oscillations in the resonant circuit, and controlling the intensity of the radiations by shunting capacity or inductance.

Ihis specification signed and witnessed this 24th day of February, 1905.

FREDERICK K. VREELAND.

- Witnesses:

Jno. Rom". TAYLOR,

JOHN L. Lo'rscu. 

